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Understand the core components of ecosystems, their key functions, and the role of biotic interactions and biogeochemical cycles in maintaining ecological balance.

Explore the major terrestrial ecosystems—forest, grassland, desert, and tundra. Learn their key features, biodiversity, climate adaptations, and ecological significance.

Discover the tundra ecosystem—its harsh climate, unique adaptations of flora and fauna, key characteristics, and the different types found around the globe.

Explore the diverse world of desert ecosystems—from hot and cold deserts to plant and animal adaptations. Discover their unique biodiversity and ecological resilience.

Explore the types of forest ecosystems, their rich biodiversity, and their vital role in maintaining ecological balance, regulating climate, and supporting life on Earth.